In the case of Ministry of Defence and Support for Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran v International Military Services Ltd [2019] EWHC 1994 (Comm), the High Court examined in detail the effect of the EU sanctions regime against Iran in the context of the enforcement of arbitral awards.

The High Court found that EU sanctions precluded Iran’s Ministry of Defence (“MODSAF”) from enforcing the interest element of an ICC award against International Military Services Limited, a UK state-owned supplier of military vehicles (“IMS”), which would have accrued during the period MODSAF has been subject to EU sanctions. The judgment provides insight into the approach of the English courts in interpreting sanctions regimes and suggests that English courts may  be sympathetic under certain circumstances to the argument that obligations owed to EU sanctioned entities should be suspended while sanctions remain in place.

Although this case dealt with the application of the EU sanctions regime at the enforcement stage, the same analysis may also be relevant to the merits phase of certain international arbitration proceedings, given the prevalence of arbitral institution rules that hold that arbitral tribunals should make all efforts to ensure that an award is enforceable.

Please click here to read the full alert memorandum.

On August 5, 2019, the U.S. Administration imposed blocking sanctions on the Government of Venezuela (“GOV”) under a new executive order. Although named individual officials, the Central Bank of Venezuela, and Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (“PdVSA”) were already blocked entities under U.S. sanctions, now all Venezuelan government entities and state-owned enterprises are blocked entities.

Unless a license applies:

  • all property and interests in property (broadly defined) of the GOV within U.S. jurisdiction are blocked; and
  • all transactions within U.S. jurisdiction in which the GOV has an interest are prohibited.

GOV entities are now effectively barred from the U.S. economy and from U.S. dollar transactions.

However, the impact of this expanded designation has been significantly mitigated by 25 new and amended general licenses issued by OFAC, together with related guidance. Importantly, treatment of pre-sanctions Venezuelan bonds and dealings with PdVSA remain essentially unchanged, and most activities previously authorized by OFAC general license remain authorized.

The imposition of blocking sanctions on the entire GOV marks a meaningful expansion of U.S. sanctions against Venezuela. While the practical impact of the designation may be limited by the general licenses and the fact that PdVSA and the Central Bank of Venezuela were already subject to blocking sanctions, the complexity of one of the most complex U.S. sanctions regimes has increased. Parties involved in any dealings involving Venezuela face increased diligence requirements to ensure their activities remain authorized.

Please click here to read the full alert memorandum.

On August 5, 2019, the European Commission (“Commission”) published its official Guidance on Internal Compliance Programmes (“Guidance”).[1] The Guidance aims to clarify and harmonize implementation of Regulation 428/2009 on Dual-Use Goods[2] (“Dual-Use Regulation”) by competent Member State authorities (“national export authorities”) and EU-based exporters of dual-use goods (“exporters”). While the Guidance is non-binding, national export authorities will take it into careful account when considering applications to export, transit or broker dual-use items.

Continue Reading EU Publishes Non-Binding Guidance on Internal Compliance Programmes for Dual-Use Trade Controls

Late on Friday, August 2, 2019, the U.S. Administration announced that it would implement a second wave of sanctions under the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 (CBW Act) against the Russian Federation.  These sanctions will;

  • prohibit U.S. financial institutions from participating in future primary issuances of non-ruble Russian sovereign debt;
  • require the United States to oppose any new assistance to Russia by international financial institutions; and
  • prohibit the export to Russia of dual-use goods controlled for chemical or biological warfare reasons.

Continue Reading United States Imposes Limited Sovereign Debt, Multilateral Lending, and Export CBW Act Sanctions on Russia

Late in the evening of August 1, 2019, President Trump signed an executive order (the Executive Order) re-delegating implementation of certain sanctions under the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 (CBW Act) to the Secretary of the Treasury.  According to press reports, the Administration may be preparing for a second round of CBW Act sanctions against Russia as a result of the Skripal poisoning.

Continue Reading New Executive Order Hints at Additional Sanctions on Russia; Implementation to Come

Over the last few weeks, the U.S. House and Senate have separately passed a number of amendments to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 (the “NDAA”) that, if enacted, would expand sanctions on persons and activities related to North Korea, China, Russia, Burma, and certain Central American states. Continue Reading Sanctions Outlook: Congress to Consider Sanctions Provisions in FY2020 Defense Bill

This Trade Summary provides an overview of WTO dispute settlement decisions and panel activities, and EU decisions and measures on commercial policy, customs policy and external relations, for the second quarter of 2019.

If you have any questions regarding the above, do not hesitate to contact fclaprevote@cgsh.com or tmuelleribold@cgsh.com.

Today, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) each announced changes to the Cuba sanctions rules.  OFAC is amending the Cuban Assets Control Regulations (CACR) to end group educational or cultural visits referred to as “people-to-people” educational travel, one of the major categories permitting non-family travel to Cuba.  People-to-people educational travel that was previously authorized will be allowed where the traveler has already completed at least one travel-related transaction (such as purchasing a flight or reserving accommodation) prior to June 5, 2019.  These amendments follow similar changes to CACR made on November 9, 2017 that removed authorization for individual people-to-people visits to Cuba.  OFAC also released an updated set of frequently asked questions regarding Cuba sanctions.

Continue Reading Cuba Sanctions Tighten: OFAC Limits Cuba Travel

China’s Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) announced at a special press conference on May 31 that it will institute an “Unreliable Entity List” system based on China’s Foreign Trade Law, Anti-Monopoly Law, and National Security Law. The planned “Unreliable Entity List” will include foreign companies, organizations, and individuals that do not obey market rules, act contrary to the spirit of contract, engage in boycott or suspension of supply against Chinese enterprises without commercial justifications, or seriously harm the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese enterprises.  MOFCOM will announce the specific measures to be taken against those placed on the “Unreliable Entity List” in the near future. Continue Reading China to Establish “Unreliable Entity List” in Response to “Unilateralism and Trade Protectionism”

On May 8, 2019, President Trump issued a new Executive Order expanding secondary sanctions against the iron, steel, aluminum, and copper sectors of Iran.  The Executive Order provides authority to impose sanctions on foreign persons who operate in the covered metals sectors or who facilitate significant transactions in connection with those sectors.  Unlike direct sanctions (which have long prohibited unlicensed dealings with Iran with a connection to U.S. jurisdiction), secondary sanctions threaten the imposition of sanctions against non-U.S. persons acting entirely outside U.S. jurisdiction.  Although the order is immediately effective, firms are permitted 90 days to wind down existing transactions pursuant to an accompanying OFAC FAQ. Continue Reading Sanctions Tighten on Iranian Metals Sectors